Society Comparison Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Society Comparison Paper - Essay Example It needs to be realized that currently all societies of the world are battling with the Environmental concerns. Whereas Orkney Society can be classified as a â€Å"surviving† society, it nevertheless has its own set of concerns and improvisations that can improve its environmental conditions. Nevertheless, in contrast with Norse Greenland Society, Orkney society undoubtedly lives. The Orkney and Greenland societies both belong to the Viking colonies of North Atlantic. Orkney survived whereas Greenland saw its demise after a time span of 450 years. Four major environmental factors have been recognized for this difference of fate of both societies; ocean distances between Norway and Britain, resistance offered by non-Viking residents of the region, suitability for agricultural productions and environmental fragility in terms of soil erosion and deforestation (Diamond). Orkney is a continental Island, surrounded by water from its northern tip. It proved to be the naval base for B ritish forces in both world wars. With respect to environmental concerns, Orkney has left no stone unturned in its attempt to provide a better living standard for its residents. Currently, the Orkney Islands Council’s Environmental Health Team is responsible for identifying and devising possible solutions for any activity that poses a risk to the health and well-being of the citizens (Orkney Islands Council). Education and awareness is being spread about the environmental concerns and ways of tackling it. At present, all residents of Orkney Islands are entitled to quality air, atmosphere, water, soil, land and landscape as well as factors affecting the quality of these (Orkney Islands Council). Environmental conservation has been the Orkney’s primary concern. On the other hand, Norse Greenland was naturally deficient in resources like metallic elements, and was also incapable of exploration due to the absence of ships and manpower. It was invaded by the Vikings during 1200 AD. Skirmishes between the Natives and the Vikings (called Innuits) did not allow peace to be established in the region. Greenland was also incapable of promoting agricultural activities in their region due to the extreme climate. This had caused the people of Greenland to migrate out of the region as the Climate changed dramatically. The current climatic change can now be scientifically attributed to Global Warming, which also caused the rise of water tables (Karen). Greenland could not practice environmental conservation, partly due to natural deficiencies and partly on behalf of their harsh climatic conditions and Viking colonization. Hence the Norse Greenland society collapsed after a mere 450 years of desperate survival. The energy resources for Greenland are not clearly documented, but the time line suggests these resources would not have been â€Å"green† fuels. On the other hand, Orkney has established an Environmental concerns agency by the name of ECO, which tr ies to make everything environment-friendly – from fuels to recycling etc. The energy sources for Orkney include renewable sources like tidal, solar, wind and wave powers (ECO). The population of Greenland, in 1000AD numbered at 500 people, which increased with the subsequent invasion by the Innuit Vikings (Diamond). The population of Orkney, according to 2011 statistics, is numbered at 19,590 people (True

Biomedical stent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Biomedical stent - Essay Example The manufacturing of stents is usually conducted in a careful method that a features the use of highly complex and advanced processes in order to meet the requirements. Some of the common methods that are used in the manufacture of stents include the identification of the optimal materials to be used in the manufacture. The choice of material is of supreme value because it determines the effectiveness of the product. A poorly chosen optimal raw material would lead to cases of maladjustment with the results that the stent would be ill suited to perform the kind of task for which it was designed. Laser cutting techniques feature prominently in the manufacture of stents (Shrivastava 25). The use of laser is necessary for the purposes of ensuring precision. The laser cutting processes usually involves the application of complex geometries that are determined by the minute measurements applied within the process. Cardiovascular, peripheral, or neurovascular blood vessels are some of the vessels that often receive the support of stents for purposes of support and scaffolding. Stents also apply in providing solutions to some natural passages gastrointestinal and urinary tracts, which are often prone to diseases and conditions that affect the processes of natural flow within them (Shrivastava 28). Depending on the tasks for which they are created, stents may differ in make, size, and orientation. Stainless CoCr and Nitinol or a combination of the two is some of the materials that are often used in the manufacture of stents. The choice of material used in the manufacture of stents is usually determined by the nature and place of usage. Generally, coronary and peripheral stents are made of stainless while neurovascular, carotid, and biliary stents rely more on Nitinol material for their manufacture (Shrivastava 43). The major differences in these stents are defined in

Gulmay D3300 X-ray Therapy Machine System

Gulmay D3300 X-ray Therapy Machine System Gulmay D3300 x-ray therapy machine system from Gulmay Medical Ltd. Introduction  ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Kilovoltage unit was one of the first external beam therapy used in a radiotherapy department. Despite its popularity then, departments opt into using a megavoltage machine due to its versatility in treatment. The uses kilovoltage therapy, especially superficial x-ray therapy remains widely important in treating certain cancer patients. Gulmay Medical Ltd is one of the world’s leading manufacturers in Kilovoltage x-ray therapy equipment’s. One of its latest accomplishments was building Gulmay D3300, a combined superficial and orthovoltage unit, beam energy ranging from 20-400kv. In this essay, I will be describing the physical aspects of a Gulmay generator and x-ray tube used within this machine, their role in the production of x-ray as well as its cooling mechanism. I will be discussing the uses of having such combined units, the benefits and the complications it will cause to both the NHS, departments and the patients as well as the advantages and disadvantages of using cut out lead shielding within a treatment. Description The generator aims to magnify the initial input voltage to a substantial amount, enough to potentiate x-rays with a certain Half Value layer (Flinton, 2009). The CP225 generator which can be attached to the D3300, is powered by 3200W-4500w and has the capacity to generate voltage from 220V to 20-225KV (Gulmay Medical Ltd, 2014). Connected to the generator is the X-ray tube, via cables joined to both the anode and the cathode (figure one). The tubes are in a unipolar arrangement whereby the negative potential from the generator is fed into the cathode and the anode is maintained at a ground potential (Earth). (Flinton, 2009) Figure one: A map of the equipment’s inside a Gulmay Superficial x-ray therapy machine (Gulmay Medical Ltd, 2014). The CP225 generator is able to attach to a high power x-ray tube, 225/11, which can take up to 225V, ideally suited for its generator (Gulmay Medical Ltd., 2014). The tube is covered in a metal ceramic material and compromises on a ceiling support or on a floor stand. The mounting requires a manual force to move in the three axes -transverse, longitudinal and vertical, as well as rotational and tilt movement of the tube (Flinton, 2009). The cathode assembly, within the tube is held by a ceramic insulator aimed to insulate it from the metal housing of the tube and consists of a single tungsten filament. Compared to the cathode, the anode is structurally dissimilar, as shown in figure two. Made out of copper, the anode is either wielded onto the metal tube envelope or a ceramic insulator is sandwiched between them. The anode has extensions known as an integral hood and located on the side of the hood is a desired x-ray exit known as a beryllium window, which has a filtration of 0.8mm Be. The tube is enclosed within a vacuum to ensure the electrons do not interact with other particles, slowing down the production of pure x-rays (Flinton, 2009). Figure two: The internal structure of an x-ray tube (Flinton, 2009, p.153) As the heat builds up within the tube, it is removed from the target through conduction of the Copper anode acting as a heat sink due to its large size. To ensure efficient and rapid heat conduction, a cooling system is attached to the tube which ensures a high temperature difference away from the target (Figure one). Because the x-ray tube is unipolar, it is safe to ensure the flowing cooling medium within the cooling system is water, (Gulmay Medical Ltd., 2014) and therefore cost effective to implement. Since water is a conductor of heat, it is constantly replaced by new cool water once it has heated up. When the electrical current passes through from the generator to the tube via the cable, it reaches the cathode assembly heating up the tungsten filament. The filament then emits electrons in a process known as thermionic emission. The filament develops into a focussing cup containing a static negative charge stopping the electrons from scattering and to coerce them together to ensure the electrons aim at a small sectional area of the anode (Flinton, 2009). The cathode becomes highly negatively polarised that the grouped electrons are fired and strike a target within the anode, made from tungsten. The electrons begin to decelerate and release energy creating x-rays and heat (Xstrahl, 2014). The integral hood absorbs any unwanted electrons and prevents secondary x-rays from forming (extra focal radiation), whilst the beryllium window allows the primary x-rays to leave the tube (Flinton, 2009). Discussion Evan et al. (2001) states that by having a combined superficial and orthovoltage unit rather than two units, it will save half the money to facilitate separate shielded treatment rooms. There will also be a reduction in capital costs, spares, precautionary maintenance and quality control resources. However, by having a combined unit, the beam characteristics should be compromised as they are all necessitated by the use of a single X-ray tube to generate a beam as well as if the machine was to break down, the department may be at a loss of all kilovoltage treatment capacity. By having a low energy treatment, it is simple to treat superficial lesions. The low energy components of Gulmay d3300 allow many skin lesions to be treated up to 5mm deep, and by having a medium energy component it will allow treatments of skin lesions up to 2cm deep to be treated (Klevenhagen and Thwaites , 1993, and Glees, J.P and Wolstenholme, V., 2006). The aim of superficial x-ray therapy is to apply the dose superficially, maintaining the lack of skin sparing in order for the treatment to be successful. The fall in dose with depth is slower for x-rays than electron, thus the dose is below the treatment site is higher, being most effective in superficial treatment. Majority of the internal anatomical sites are not significantly affected by the radiation, The drawbacks to this is if treating an area neighbouring structures in which contain poor blood supply and are at risk of radiation damage such as cartilages, then it would be beneficial to use an electron beam due to the rapi d fall-off (Griffiths, 1994). When using an orthovoltage machine, the aim is to treat deep seated tumours at a close depth to the skin by applying a great amount of dose to the surface of the patient before it reaches the tumour site. The lack of skin sparing can result into skin damage caused on a patient (Griffiths, 1994). Patients can suffer acute reactions and late reactions. When patients begin their treatment, the acute reaction will follow in stages. During the first treatment, the patient may feel warmth in the area being treated; this is followed by the reddening of the skin, known as erythema, which can appear from a dose level of 1GY. As the dose escalates, the treated area will become itchy, sunburn like red, and is prone to injuries. Around 14 days, the hairs in the treated areas may fall out in a process known as epilation. By the time patients get to this stage finish their treatment course. This is due to the lengthy fractionations of treatment; the degree of reactions becomes less severe. Once the treatment stops, skin will begin to heal and becomes tanned. However, patients that go through a long treatment will experience reactions at a greater degree. The next stage in the skin reaction is dry desquamation, the peeling of the skin in dry flakes. Furthering this treatment, the skin then becomes dark red or purplish and fluid will start to build up underneath causing oedema, which is tender to touch. It is broken down and blisters start to form, the fluid begins to seep out of the skin. Patients treatment is then at a halt due to the severity of the reaction. Within an orthovoltage machine, by giving a high dose, the stem cell pool within the skin will be destroyed and area of ulceration will remain lasting within the treated area of the patient (Lochhead, 1983, p. 107-108). Late reactions are dependent on the beam energy and the dosage level. ‘The beam energy determines the part of the skin that is affected by the radiation.’(Lochhead, 1983, p. 107-108). By using low beam energy of up to 300kv, the germinal or basal layer of the skin demonstrates the most change to the skin. Activity is lost within the cells and the skin becomes thin. Once the skin becomes damaged it will take a long time to heal. Places where the hair has epilated may become permanent due to the destruction of the hair follicles. Sweat glands are destroyed and superficial blood vessels deteriorate. Other blood vessels nearby would enlarge to compensate the damaged blood vessels, and patients may begin to form Telangiectasis, a condition whereby the patients skin becomes pale and the red blood vessels enlarge. An injury to the patient may cause a necrosis of the skin. According to Griffiths et al. (1994, p.35) it was thought that by creating multifeilds across the tumour, patients’ skin reactions may subside. However this had caused a high integral dose on the patient as well as sore skin. Now it is often more advantageous to have a megavoltage machine treating these tumours due to the skin sparing affect it provides for the patient and the orthovoltage is progressing to become outdated. One of the main forms of shielding in a superficial and orthovoltage machine is the use of a lead cut out. A lead cut out is made to define the treatment area as well as shielding normal healthy tissue from the radiation beam. This is used in conjunction with an applicator attached to the machine collimator. It also provides direction and localisation of the beam. For the face and areas close to the eye a specific lead mask is produced, to avoid radiation to critical structures nearby (Mills et al., 2012). The study of Medvedevas et al (2001) concludes that the application of lead shielding attenuates the dose received to normal tissue significantly. However, according to Flinton (2009) the drawbacks in using lead shielding is the elevation in dose on the beam side of the lead caused by the interactions that arise in the lead shielding behind the target volume, as a result from the high backscatter component at these energies. The build up to full back scatter is most rapid in small fields, more so in low energy beams. For small fields such as the eye, this is a problem. Mills et al (2012). At the point when treating the eye, shielding made from either tungsten or lead is inserted to protect the lens. ‘The problem encountered with eye shields is the contribution from scatter which reaches into the region under the shield from the surrounding field.’(Mills et al., 2012, p. 125). A way to resolve this was by applying tissue equivalent material, i.e. wax, around the shield to absorb the scatter avoiding this problem. Conclusion Reference Evans, P.A., Moloney, A.J., Mountford, P.J. . (2001). Performance assesment of the Gulmay D3300 kilovoltage X ray therapy unit. The British Journal of Radiology. 74 (882), 537-549. Flinton D.. (2009). Kilovoltage Equipment. In: Cherry P. and Duxbury A.M. Practical radiotherapy physics and equipment. 2nd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 149-150. Glees, J.P and Wolstenholme, V.. (2006). The Role of Kilovoltage X-rays in the Treatment of Skin Cancers. European Oncological Disease. 1 (1), 32-35. Griffiths, SE., Short, CA., Jackson, CS. and Ash,D. (1994). Radiotherapy : principles to practice : a manual for quality in treatment delivery. Edinburgh: Churchil Livingstone. 33-37. Gulmay Medical Ltd.. (2014). Gulmay Corporate Brochure. Available: http://www.gulmay.com/. Last accessed 27th April 2014. Klevenhagen, S.C. and Thwaites D.I.. (1993). Kilovoltage X rays. In: Williams J.R. and Thwaites D.I. Radiotherapy Physics in practice. Oxford: Oxford Medical Publications. 95-112. Lochhead,J.N. M. (1983). Care of the patient in radiotherapy. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific. 105-111. Medvedevas, N., Adliene, D., Laurikaitiene, J., and Andrejaitis, A.. (2011). The role of shielding in superficial X-ray therapy. Radiaition Protection Dosimetry. 147 (1-2), 291-295. Mills, JA., Porter, H., Gill, D.. (2012). Radiotherapy beam production. In: Symonds, P., Deeham, C., Mills, JA., and Meredith,C.Walter Millers textbook of Radiotherapy. Oxford: Elsevier Health Sciences/Churchill Livingstone. 122-125. Xstrahl Medical. (2014). Physics of Low Energy Radiation. Available: http://www.xstrahl.com/NewStep/physics-of-low-energy-radiation.html. Last accessed 28th April 2014.

Software Testing Essay -- Technology Computers Papers

Software Testing Software development follows a specific life cycle that starts with designing a solution to a problem and implementing it. Software testing is part of this software life cycle that involves verifying if each unit implemented meets the specifications of the design. Even with careful testing of hundreds or thousands of variables and code statements, users of software find bugs. â€Å"Software testing is arguably the least understood part of the development process† and is also a â€Å"time-consuming process that requires technical sophistication and proper planning† (Whittaker 71) It is important to comprehend this concept by understanding the different characteristics and aspects of software testing, and then to examine the techniques, procedures and tools used to apply this concept. This will enable the user to realize the problems faced by software testers and the importance of software testing. Software testing is the â€Å"process of executing a software system to determine whether it matches its specification and executes in its intended environment† (Whittaker 71). It is often associated with locating bugs, program defects, faults in the source code, which cause failures during execution that need to be removed from the program. Locating and removing these defects is called debugging, which is different from the testing that establishes the existence of these defects. Specifications are crucial to testing because they identify correct behavior so that software failures corresponding to incorrect behavior can be identified. Failures can vary in their nature ranging from wrong output, system crash to systems using too much memory or executing too slowly. These Bugs in software can be due to untested code executed, u... ...essional Programmer, Nov2002, Vol. 27 Issue 11, p24, 5p, 2 diagrams; (AN 7501083) Testing One Two. By: Nisley, Ed. Dr. Dobb's Journal: Software Tools for the Professional Programmer, May2003, Vol. 28 Issue 5, p80, 4p, 1c; (AN 9457433) The top five software-testing problems and how to avoid them. By: Mats, Lars. EDN Europe, Feb2001, Vol. 46 Issue 2, p37, 3p; (AN 4121152) Users losing billions due to bugs. By: Thibodeau, Patrick; Rosencrance, Linda. Computerworld, Jul2002, Vol. 36 Issue 27, p1, 2p; (AN 6955885) What Information is Relevant when Selecting Software Testing Techniques? By: Vegas, Sira; Juristo, Natalia; Basili, Victor. International Journal of Software Engineering & Knowledge Engineering, Dec2002, Vol. 12 Issue 6, p657, 18p; (AN 9199276) What Is Software Testing? And Why Is It So Hard? James A. Whittaker,IEEE SOFTWARE January/February 2000 Software Testing Essay -- Technology Computers Papers Software Testing Software development follows a specific life cycle that starts with designing a solution to a problem and implementing it. Software testing is part of this software life cycle that involves verifying if each unit implemented meets the specifications of the design. Even with careful testing of hundreds or thousands of variables and code statements, users of software find bugs. â€Å"Software testing is arguably the least understood part of the development process† and is also a â€Å"time-consuming process that requires technical sophistication and proper planning† (Whittaker 71) It is important to comprehend this concept by understanding the different characteristics and aspects of software testing, and then to examine the techniques, procedures and tools used to apply this concept. This will enable the user to realize the problems faced by software testers and the importance of software testing. Software testing is the â€Å"process of executing a software system to determine whether it matches its specification and executes in its intended environment† (Whittaker 71). It is often associated with locating bugs, program defects, faults in the source code, which cause failures during execution that need to be removed from the program. Locating and removing these defects is called debugging, which is different from the testing that establishes the existence of these defects. Specifications are crucial to testing because they identify correct behavior so that software failures corresponding to incorrect behavior can be identified. Failures can vary in their nature ranging from wrong output, system crash to systems using too much memory or executing too slowly. These Bugs in software can be due to untested code executed, u... ...essional Programmer, Nov2002, Vol. 27 Issue 11, p24, 5p, 2 diagrams; (AN 7501083) Testing One Two. By: Nisley, Ed. Dr. Dobb's Journal: Software Tools for the Professional Programmer, May2003, Vol. 28 Issue 5, p80, 4p, 1c; (AN 9457433) The top five software-testing problems and how to avoid them. By: Mats, Lars. EDN Europe, Feb2001, Vol. 46 Issue 2, p37, 3p; (AN 4121152) Users losing billions due to bugs. By: Thibodeau, Patrick; Rosencrance, Linda. Computerworld, Jul2002, Vol. 36 Issue 27, p1, 2p; (AN 6955885) What Information is Relevant when Selecting Software Testing Techniques? By: Vegas, Sira; Juristo, Natalia; Basili, Victor. International Journal of Software Engineering & Knowledge Engineering, Dec2002, Vol. 12 Issue 6, p657, 18p; (AN 9199276) What Is Software Testing? And Why Is It So Hard? James A. Whittaker,IEEE SOFTWARE January/February 2000

A Study

Globalization Is one of those few phenomenon we hear about all the time and refer we try to analyses the impacts that globalization has had on the world. With help of some of the best, easy to comprehend examples, we try to understand how with time the business world has become more interactive, communicative and inter- dependent in nature and if it really has been in favor of firms competing in the market. Globalization in business is the integration process of the world through the use of international trading system.It unifies the local and foreign markets to make the trading even easier for businesses. In yet other words, we can call globalization the recess of Increased Inter-connectedness among the countries In the areas of culture, economics and politics. Firms competing In the market place have the luxury to choose their option and maximize their business potentials by the way of participating globally. Such process as a result, simplifies the corporate process of canvassing materials, production, marketing and distribution of products and services.The information System (IS) is quite different from the usual trading and thus businesses get alliance with ease other than supplies and labor forces from there countries as long as they follow the rules set by the global economic authorities including the World Trade Centre. (Schools, 2005) Is it not amazing when we turn an apple I-pod upside down and it says, ‘designed In California (US), assembled In China? The clothes In our wardrobe, an English brand made with Chinese cotton, sewed by Indian hands, shipped on a French freighter crewed by Americans to a united Kingdom harbor.That's Globalization. The word ‘Globalization' has always been creeping on all of us as long as we can remember; however, it has never been so visible and impacting until recent years. Artificial constraints like tariffs have become unfettering and the businesses are expanding globally complicating the already existing com petitive environment (Change & Park, 2005). It can be easily explained as to how the fundamental nature of competition has changed in the industries in the global economy.This change in itself has a relentless pace and moving forward at all time. In words of Williamson (2004), globalization has had too many implications to the national economy. It has intensified inter-dependence among economies in the world market and countries and yes, their organizations as reflected in the knowledge cross borders, flow of goods and services and the financial capital. In short, globalization is the outcome of a large number of business firms competing against each other in a rising number of global economies.Globalization in true sense extends immense opportunities for firms competing in the 21st century highly competitive landscape. In a globalizes market, as confirmed by Khan (2006), the financial capital can be obtained from one national market and be used to buy raw materials in a second mark et. The manufacturing equipment can be purchased from a third national market and be sold in yet another one or say a fourth market. It has become challenging to determine the boundaries of any industry in the current world scenario.Wall-Mart could be a straightforward example to support Khan's (2006) view point. Wall-Mart is the name, the brand, the global giant which is known world over and have been trying to achieve retailing with global pricing, sourcing and logistics without getting impacted by the global boundaries. The idea was to be able to easily move goods and be able to seamlessly use the pricing strategies among all its international operations as it had been able to do in case of its domestic stores. Hit 2007) said once that, Wall-Mart is pursuing this type of retailing (boundary-less) on an evolutionary basis. And, he was right when he quoted that because in the past few it has even more evident that Wall-Mart has actually put things in practice and joined hands with others to make boundary-less retailing possible. Let's count on another example from the entertainment industry. Advancements in telecommunications and the interactive computer networks have made the boundaries of entertainment industry look blur and shady. Networks such as CBS, HOBO, Fox and NBC not only compete among themselves but, also with Sony and Microsoft and perhaps others.It is not easy any more to define the boundaries of a particular industry and switchover, new industry ventures have become more frequent. Yet another major affect of globalization is the design, production, distribution and servicing of goods and services and that is visibly convincing enough to gain instances. A suitable example will be Toyota Motor Company. Global competitor Toyota Motor Company provides shall help us understand how this happens. Toyota Company's products are in high demand internationally because of its initial emphasis on product reliability and superior customer service and support. Barbwire & Mean (2004) figured out that because the demand for Toyota Motor Company's products, it's competitive actions have forced its global competitors to bring improvements in their operations and instill reliability and best customer service and support. And this act of following Toast's example has changed quality service's concept entirely. Almost any vehicle bought today across the globe, from virtually any manufacturer (company/brand) is of a higher quality and all of them extend better ND tailored service support which was not exactly the case before Toyota began competing successfully on a global scale.The firms competing in the global economy have to understand, looking at the wider perspective, that globalization has heightened the levels of performance standards in terms of quality, cost, productivity, product introduction time span and operational efficiency which could be referred to as the so called competitive dimensions. Now, these competitive dimensions not only affect the firms competing in the global economy but, also the firms competing in the domestic markets. And the reason is Customer Preference'.The customer purchases form a global brand rather than a domestic firm or brand as they know that the goods and services offered by the global competitors are far more superior to the local firms. Globalization has also led to the free movement of labor and capital after being recognized as a key source of competitive advantage and therefore, firms globally must understand the importance of keeping a better track of their work force. As Prospers (2005) mentions, the best people will come from, Just about anywhere. ‘ Hence, work force relationship plays a very dynamic role with the dawn of libations.A mixed labor is not always easy to manage and if not given importance in the beginning things may go awry at a later time. An easy to understand example would be pinpointing the Asian community, which is big part of the world population and a big chunk of which works in the west. Too many nationalities and ethnicities working together and it takes the right kind if thinking and planning to keep the things going. And, no doubt that takes careful planning and implementation. The business corporations must learn enough to positively deal with the ground realities of the current global competitive environment.Only those companies have the ability to make above average profits which are capable of meeting or rather exceeding the existing global standards. (Fink & Holder, 2005) The term, ‘Global Village' & Increasing Interaction among businesses Emergence of global economy did create some interesting opportunities. And, that is why today Europe is the world's largest single market, instead of USA, with 2005). Globalization History can create arguments of when or where it usually started and who have been the pioneers of globalization but we know for sure this is the present notations that the world has been experienci ng.This new form of business relation and practices often referred to as global village which is radically changing the business environment and it is true and highly relevant, valid and accepted in today's modern economy. In order for businesses to grow they must consider jumping into the globalization challenges to be able to compete and gain market shares. This has been the rules of the most successful business leaders around the world because the opportunity is there to bring different nations and businesses closer to one another.Look around many establishment and you can find that international businesses are all around, Franchising makes business easy to expand all over the world that a certain person who has the capacity to put up business from Asia can franchise a business in America and other countries examples are Mac Donald, Levis, Seven Eleven, Sarah Lee, Avon and many other stores scattered around the world because of globalization. McDonald's fast food chain can be con sidered as a true example of globalization as true globalization means one company procuring, manufacturing and selling in many countries and McDonald's does exactly the same.It operates in 119 countries and has successfully integrated all its operations internationally. There are many advantages in this process and anyone who would like to take a franchise business is almost assured of success because of its brand, they have ready market all over the world that has gained popularity, franchiser even offer full marketing assistance that makes your business franchise grows using their adaptable marketing expertise that they will be shared upon franchising such business. Supermarkets where we buy are daily need products; accommodate all those reduces from all over the world.Olive oil from Greece, apples from South Africa, wine from France and likewise thousands of more products from around the world. Deco's in the I-J, the biggest network of supermarkets in the UK for an example is no such exception and has left no stone unturned to bring products from all over to be made available in their stores located in the I-J. That is Just another touch to globalization because you are not taking your products to other countries, perhaps but, you are certainly bringing in other products under one umbrella to be sold to a did range of customers.An important discussion could around the Business Process Outsourcing industry which makes a certain business maximize profit by partnership from other countries, businesses like JP Morgan and chase, MM, Telltale, CIT and other companies in Europe and America usually hire and establish businesses in countries such as the Philippines and India since they are highly skilled in English Communication. Usually Technical Assistance from customers around the world pretending they are a part of such company.Through this process the company like IBM can cut their labor expenses while they enjoy productivity because of their highly effective BOP in other countries while people from other countries enjoys a good privilege from their Job because of high salary. This can happen because of currency differences from other countries and an example is India where US $ 1 is equal to RSI. 47 in Indian currency. This means that they mutually benefit from this process. This has been the reasons why BOP is highly increasing demand of people.In the Indian and Philippines alone there are at least 250,000 Call Centre people needed to fill in the vacancies of various BOP Companies. The downturn of BOP industry is that on one hand it provides Job opportunities to people of one country and takes away the Jobs of people from yet another country. Online Trading is the cause of globalization and advancement in technology that businesses can easily tap in customers using the internet, they can gain high market potentials using their website acting as an store-front to advertise their products and services that can be open 24 hours a day seve n days a week.Hotels and restaurants, Air Aviation and Local Businesses including individuals can easily use the internet to gather customers around the world. This can also cut cost their labor and transportation expenses through online participation, customers can simply fill in their information and take the orders and it will be delivered via cargo forwarding, the process is also convenient to their customers since it only takes a few clicks of a button to get an order.These practices also includes the Import- Export trading that includes free trade or open participation that can give opportunity to most business organization and individual to gain international customers around the world. Having taken the world by storm are the internet based social networking websites hose days. Backbone, Resort, Linked, Google, Namespace, Twitter, Bebop, Hi, Nettle and may be hundreds of other social networking sites are always a click away with internet in existence. Twitter for instance ser ves over 200 million people (users) worldwide and takes in 1. Billion requests every single day. That's globalization, right there, opening doors to the world and let communication channels to work their way out without any hindrance. When there are so many countries and organizations that support globalization and understand that it is the right tool for the development of less developed countries ND maximizing profits for the developed countries, there exist some Countries and unions who believed that Globalization is somehow negative and that only the strongest corporation makes the domination and small business may not grow.This to an extent is right. The lesser developed nations might take a set back as in the name of globalization and world trade their resources could be plundered or misused by the stronger nations. Remember, somewhere we talked about the BOP industry which makes the outsourcing company a massive profit, in a way that also by taking advantage of their needs. S ome believed that credit based economy has not done any good but false claims that leads to heavy debt burden while some small businessman believes that globalization is only for imperialistic purposes.Yet another constraint, and cannot be ignored. Globalization certainly has made things better but, in the future might take inter-dependency or complete dependency to a all new Level of chaos in the world. Other European and Middle East Countries somehow they believed that globalization may only favor the internationally known companies and this is not a free trade but the opposite. They re the Anti-Globalization Communities who are against this process, however their claim maybe, globalization will continue to dominate the business world.Globalization: A Stabilizing Factor in International Business It is evident from examples stated before in this paper that globalization has brought a dramatic change in the world market. Business firms attempting to expand their geographic foot-prin t to meet consumer demand, extending their value chain to a global level, stepping into boundary-less retailing and logistics, international tie-ups to get hold of a wider share of customer base, these are because of globalization and eave helped stabilizing the international business community by allowing free movement of men and materials, knowledge sharing and easy access to financial capital.Globalization has indeed at its core eased the border constraints making them less important than before as countries and economies become dependent on each other for survival and progress. Cross-borders transactions have reached to a new level as a result of diverse business locations of firms and their customer base in a broader market which allows them to secure their investments via spreading risk factor. The ERM Global Village nails the concept down very firmly. If it was not globalization the world we live in would never have been what it is now.Variety of goods for the customers, chea p affordable prices, and access to bigger markets, greater employment opportunities, faster technology and trade knowledge are all a result of globalization. Globalization does have its own side effects on somewhat manner as discussed a while ago but, the point it has it helped making things better and convenient, well, the answer is yes. It certainly has pushed the barriers and allowed the world to connect better and stronger than ever. Conclusion: Do we pay consensus to the fact that globalization is good? It is a simple question but, enough to lead to a heated debate among the experts.However, the bottom line is that globalization has indeed created more opportunities for businesses to expand globally, reach out to the mass segment of customers in need, take a stride in terms of revenue generation and of course increase brand but the more the economic and political challenges which emerge at the same time may or may not be addressed meaningfully and chances are more the emerging economies might fail to set up a proper state framework and structure to succeed. Swimming with the tide is still the best option at hand when the stream takes you exactly where you want to be.

Freedom: John Stuart Mill Essay

1. John Stuart Mill: Freedom Freedom is generally defined, by a dictionary, as the condition or right of being able or allowed to do, say, think, etc. whatever you want to, without being controlled or limited (Cambridge). This means there is no interference or influence in ones’ actions or opinions by anyone else. There is no domination or dictatorial government who affects these actions or opinions. John Stuart Mill, an English philosopher and economist, gives a similar view on freedom as the Cambridge dictionary, and looks at the ‘nature and limits of the power which can be legitimately exercised by society over the individual’ (Mill, 6). Mill’s view of freedom, as he writes in his book On Liberty, is that â€Å"Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign,† (Mill, 13). By this he means that an individual is free when they make independent choices, have independent opinions and have independent actions. When a person thinks and acts without the influence of outside opinion, a person exercises his or her own freedom. Mill divides human liberty into three regions. The first is the ‘domain of the conscience’ and ‘liberty of thought and feeling,’ (Mill, 15). The second is the ‘liberty of tastes and pursuits,’ and ‘framing the plan of your life’ (Mill, 16). The third region is ‘the freedom to unite, for any purpose not involving harm to others’ (Mill, 16). He states that if a society has a respect for these three regions of human liberty, then a society is free (Mill, 16). ‘The only freedom which deserves the name, is that of pursuing our own good in our own way, so long as we do not attempt to deprive others of theirs, or impede their efforts to obtain it’ (Mill, 16). However, he states that if an individual exercises their freedom in a way that threatens harm to another, there should be interference to prevent harm from being done. He asserts that the only time anyone can interfere with or exercise power over an individual’s liberty is when that individual is threatening harm to another and this interference is used for self-protection, (Mill, 13). If an individual is practicing their own freedom in their own way, without preventing others from doing so, then there should be no interference with the individual. For example, if an individual decides to drink an alcoholic beverage, such as a beer, at 10 in the morning, then there should be no interference with that. He knows alcohol is harmful, he is choosing to drink the beer and as long as his actions do not interfere with anyone else then he should not be interfered with. However if his drinking makes him violent, and he decides to start a fight with someone else, there should be interference to prevent the intoxicated individual from causing harm to another individual. Mill’s states that the right of liberty does not apply to children, ‘those who are still in a state to require being taken care of by others’ or ‘backward states of society’ (Mill, 14). Another struggle discussed by Mill in his book, is the struggle between society and the individual about which should have control over the individual’s actions. Mill observes that the world seems to be in a place where in a society, laws and public opinion have more power over an individuals’ actions and thoughts, than the individual has over himself. However society seems to prefer conformity and even demand it. Mill argues that due to conformity, an individual is unable to make meaningful choices, which keeps him from personal development. He believes that freedom, along with individuality, is essential to both individual as well as social progress (Mill, 66). Conformity keeps people from learning from each other and they are unable to approach their life in an appealing way. In his opinion, â€Å"the peculiar evil of silencing the expression of an opinion is, that it is robbing the human race,† (Mills, 19.) When contrasting Mill’s view on freedom with the Dutch philosopher Benedict de Spinozas’ view, there is a clear difference. Spinoza defined freedom as self-caused, which implied that only God can be free (Kisner, 8). He did not believe that humans could be free because we are not free from being determined by outside agents (McKinnon, 109). He also believed that finite things, such as a humans’ brain, could not make a choice that was not caused by external factors. In Spinoza’s IIp48 he asserted that â€Å"In the Mind there is no absolute, or free, will, but the Mind is determined to will this or that by a cause that is also determined by another, and this again by another, and so to infinity.† He did not believe in free will, because he strongly believed that something cannot be caused by nothing, therefore God is the only entity that is free, as he is not limited by outside agents (Kisner, 12). For example, an individual taking a sip of water could argue that they did so because they chose to do so. However external factors are involved as the choice to drink water could be because they wanted to prove that they have free will, which would be because they believed in free will. The individual could also have chosen to drink water because of thirst, which was caused by the individual’s body losing water, which could be a cause of playing sports in the hot sun, due to being part of a school sports team, and so on until infinity. Friedrich August Hayek, an Austro-Hungarian economist and philosopher, has an interesting similar yet opposing view from Mill’s. His view of freedom is when an individual is not a part of ‘coercion by the arbitrary will of another or others’ (Lukes, 160) but also that it is ‘not the absolute liberty to do as one pleases, rather it is a recognition of the necessity of law and morality in order to ensure that human interaction is cooperative and orderly,’ (Horwitz). For Hayek freedom depends on whether an individual can make his own individual decisions on what course of action to take, or whether somebody else uses power to manipulate this person’s choice of action, to make the individual act as they want them to (Lukes, 160). Hayek states that a society with law should try and maintain negative freedom, the freedom to not do anything prohibited and to avoid positive freedom, giving people the power to do things, which allows people to be absent from coercion, as there is no inequality in power under the law (Roberts). Hayek and Mill share the belief that freedom involves no coercion. An individual should not be manipulated or forced to do something that the individual did not decide himself. However Hayek and Mill disagree on the view of conformity. While Hayek states that law and morality are important for a society, Mill disagrees and says that it keeps individuals from progressing, and that it hurts a society as a whole. In conclusion, there are many philosophers who have contrasting as well as similar views on freedom as John Stuart Mill. Mill believes that a person is responsible for his or herself, the way the act, what their opinion is, and should not be interfered with unless the individual poses a threat to someone else. Bibliography MLA Cambridge University. â€Å"Definition of Freedom Noun from Cambridge Dictionary Online: Free English Dictionary and Thesaurus.† Cambridge Dictionary Online: Free English Dictionary and Thesaurus – Cambridge University Press. Cambridge University, 2010. 11 Sept. 2011. . Horwitz, Steven. â€Å"Hayek and Freedom.† The Freeman. May 2006. 13 Sept. 2011. . Kisner, Matthew J. Spinoza on Human Freedom: Reason, Autonomy and the Good Life. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2011. Lukes, Steven. Power: a Radical View. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. McKinnon, Catriona. Issues in Political Theory. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2008. Mill, John Stuart. On Liberty: 1859. 4th ed. London: Longman, Roberts & Green, 1869. < http://socserv.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/mill/liberty.pdf> Roberts, Andrew. â€Å"Friedrich Hayek and Freedom.† Study More. Middlesex Universty, 2007. 13 Sept. 2011. .